피난 프로그램에 대한 간단 소개
피난 자료에 있던 내용 중 프로그램 부분만을 정리해 봤습니다. 참고들 하세요..
국내에서는 Simulex 가 대표적인 피난 툴로 사용되고 있으며, 최근 Pathfinder 가 일부 사용되고 있습니다.
그외에도 소수의 유저들이 bulidingExodus 나 Gridflow 를 사용하고 있는 듯 보이며,
여러분들이 많이 사용하고 있는 FDS 프로그램에도 자체의 Evac 기능이 있다는 것은 다들 아실 듯..
이 자료는 예전 2007년도에 카페에 올렸던 자료입니다만..
참 세월도 빠르네요. 그 땐 열정도 많았는데
지금은 에휴
암튼 못 본 분들은 참고하길 바라며 이 글을 다시 올려봅니다.
1. Egress Section in FPETool
->Developer: H.E. Nelson, National Bureau of Standards, U.S.
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of FPETool is to estimate the time needed for an occupant
or group of occupants to exit an area.
->Limitations: There are many assumptions made by the model. These assumptions are
the following: the most efficient exit paths are chosen, no actions such as investigation,
way-finding, etc. are incorporated, flow is ideal without congestion, and there is no
adjustment to flow speed due to density. Nelson notes that it is reasonable to expect
evacuation times that are two to three times greater than the nominal evacuation time
obtained from FPETool.
2. EVACNET4
->Developers: Kisko, Francis, and Nobel, University of Florida, U.S.
->Purpose of the model: EVACNET4 can be used for any type of building, such as office
buildings, hotels, skyscrapers, auditoriums, stadiums, retail establishments, restaurants,
and schools. The purpose of the model is to describe an optimal evacuation from a
building, meaning that the model minimizes the time to evacuate the building.
EVACNET4 replaces the previous version, EVACNET+.
->Limitations: The model’s array sizes can be accustomed to fit needs of building. This
simply requires a larger memory. The text input files are arduous to assemble for a
complex building.
3. Takahashi’s Fluid Model
->Developers: Takahashi, Tanaka, and Kose, Ministry of Construction, Japan
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to predict and evaluate the
evacuation time of people in a fire, mainly from a low level hazard. The assumption of
this model is that people move like a fluid.
->Limitations: The model only provides estimates of the general movement pattern of the
occupants.
4. PathFinder
->Developer: RJA Group, U.S.
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of developing this model is to provide an analytical
egress simulation tool that could be coupled with an external fire model to form a portion
of hazard analysis. The model is used to find bottlenecks and queues in a design. There
is no specific building type specialty.
->Limitations: None specified as to limitations on model capacity.
5. TIMTEX
->Developer: S.S. Harrington, University of Maryland, U.S.
->Purpose of the model: The TIMTEX model was developed to model evacuation from
buildings 4 to 15 stories high with consideration of certain human factors, such as
occupant decision on stair use.
->Limitations: The model should be used for buildings 4-15 stories in height only, since
the model developer has compared her results/output to Pauls’ Canadian fire drill
evacuation data and GSA fire drill evacuation data. The developer has found enough
consistency at those building heights. Also, this model does not actually move people
throughout the floor plan.
6. WAYOUT
->Developer: V.O. Shestopal, Fire Modelling & Computing, AU
->Purpose of the model: WAYOUT has been created to compute traffic flow in
emergency situations from a multi-room or multi-story building. In this model, only
merging flows are considered.
->Limitations: Only merging flows are considered. The model allows for up to 400
“twigs.”
7. Magnetic Model
->Developers: S. Okazaki & S. Matsushita, Fukui University, Japan
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to visualize the movement of each
pedestrian in a floor plan as an animation so that architects and designers can easily find
and understand the problems of their design projects. This model uses the functional
analogy of the motion of a magnetic object in a magnetic field.
->Limitations: None provided in documentation.
8. EESCAPE (Emergency Escape)
->Developer: E. Kendik, Cobau Ltd. Argentinierstr. Austria
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to address the time sequence from
the time at which people begin evacuation from the floors until they reach the outside or
approved area of refuge in the building. The program allows the user to change the
dimensions of the building’s means of egress and the occupant load easily to assess the
influence of the variations in the system.
->Limitations: Seems to be a simple 1-route configuration.
9. EgressPro
->Developer: P. Simenko, SimCo Consulting, AU
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to predict egress times from a
deterministic time-line analysis for a single user-selected room, corridor, and stair
arrangement. The model is a tool for assessing egress conditions during fire emergencies
in buildings.
->Limitations: The model produces only a “time-line” calculation of movement
throughout the room, corridor, and stair arrangement.
10. ENTROPY
->Developer: H.A. Donegan, University of Ulster, UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to encompass egress uncertainty
related to the building and provide a measure of complexity of the building structure.
This is not a traditional egress model in that it does not calculate egress times for a
certain population, but instead uses an entropy probability to simulate the expected
information content, and in turn, the complexity of the floor plan. This model is
considered to be a macroscopic model, which focuses on evacuation routes and the
population as a whole, instead of individual elements (microscopic).
->Limitations: One limitation is the assumptions made by the model. This is not a
traditional evacuation model, but instead a model used to measure the complexity of the
structure from an evacuation point of view.
11. STEPs
->Developer: Mott MacDonald, UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to simulate occupants in a normal or
emergency situation within different types of buildings, such as stadia or office buildings.
->Limitations: One of the limitations of this model is the fact that occupants move only
according to availability of next grid cell. There is no limit on the number of floors to
use. However, the real strain on the computer comes from the number of grid cells and
the number of people specified in the model. If the user has a particularly fast computer,
there is no limit.
12. PEDROUTE and PAXPORT
->Developer: Halcrow Fox Associates, UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to simulate the passage of travelers
through public transport stations. PEDROUTE has been used to model approximately
100 underground stations in London. PAXPORT, which can model airports or railway
terminals, has the capability of incorporating the movement of passengers in shopping
and waiting areas in the stations. PAXPORT can model aircraft, train, bus, and passenger
movements. The models can be used to show where capacity problems are likely within
the stations, and test improvements.
->Limitations: No individual consideration.
13. EXIT89 ->Developer: R.F. Fahy, NFPA, U.S.
->Purpose of the model: EXIT89 was originally developed as the evacuation model for
Hazard I to simulate large populations in buildings (high-rises). The developer claims
that the model is capable of the following things:
? Handle large populations
? Recalculate exit paths after nodes become blocked by smoke
? Track individual occupants as they move throughout the building
? Vary travel speed as a function of population density.
->Limitations: The limitation of the model is 89 nodes per floor and up to 10 stairways for
the building. The size of the building and the number of occupants is limited by the
storage capacity of the computer used. Once a person enters a stairwell, they will remain
in that stairwell throughout the entire evacuation (unless stairway is blocked). EXIT89 is
set to allow 1000 5-second time steps, 10,000 links, 20,000 occupants and 10,000
building locations. This is hard-wired into the program, but is easily adjusted.
14. Simulex
->Developer: P.Thompson, IES, UK
->Purpose of the model: Simulex is an evacuation model with the capability of simulating
a large amount of people from geometrically complex buildings.
->Limitations: The only limit to the model is the capacity of the computer used to run the
simulations. However, occupants get “stuck” in the links of the buildings during certain
simulations. The user manual offers solutions to this problem.
15. GridFlow
->Developer: D. Purser & M. Bensilum, BRE, UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to represent individual occupants in
building spaces on a grid network. Pre-movement time and pre-movement-travel
interactions are considered central to the evacuation using GridFlow. Purser considers
this model to be as informative as other sophisticated models, but uses “simple,
transparent, and easily verifiable behavioral inputs, derived from empirical data or
specified and justified by the user”
->Limitations: Supports occupant populations up to 5000 (as of year 2000) and more
behavioral capabilities are under development.
16. ALLSAFE
->InterConsult Group ASA, Norway
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to determine whether or not
occupants are at risk depending upon input data for the building, the building use, the
occupants, and the design fire scenario.
->Limitations: Only one exit per node structure.
17. CRISP3
->Developer: J. Fraser-Mitchell, BRE, UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to simulate entire fire scenarios
incorporating a Monte Carlo technique. There is also an option to simulate an evacuation
using the external or “stand-alone” evacuation model, which does not incorporate the
zone fire model effects or the toxicity effects to the occupants. In this mode, the model
will run in fire drill mode, but the Monte Carlo technique can still be used.
->Limitations: Complex input files and all behavioral activities must be input by the user.
Limitations of the program involve up to 1000 rooms, up to 20 floors, and 15,000
occupants maximum. Also, the maximum grid network is 0.5 x 0.5 m grid.
18. ASERI
->Developer: V. Schneider, I.S.T. Integrierte Sicherheits-Technik GmbH, Germany
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of the model is to simulate egress movement in
complex geometrical environments, such as railway and underground stations, airports,
theatres, sports arenas, trade fairs, etc.
->Limitations: The number of specified levels (floors), units, passages, and obstacles is
limited by computer memory.
19. BFIRES-2
->Developer: F. Stahl, NBS, U.S.
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to simulate an occupant moving
throughout a building as a result of decisions he makes during a period of time. The
computer program is described by the developer as “modular” in form. To explain, each
subroutine has a specific function as its purpose, and these functions fall into the
categories of perception, cognition, and action (all relative to the environment). The
subroutines are linked through the main program.
BFIRES simulates a building fire as a chain of “time frames” and for each time
frame, the model generates a behavioral response for every occupant in the building.
->Limitations: A limitation of the model is very specific inputs for EACH occupant. It
probably gets difficult to model a large number of people. Also, it is not clear what the
limit is for modeling a certain number of occupants. This is a much older model.
20. buildingEXODUS
->Developer: E. Galea and FSEG Group, University of Greenwich, UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to simulate the evacuation of a
large number of people from a variety of enclosures. The modeling suite consists of
airEXODUS, buildingEXODUS, maritimeEXODUS, railEXODUS, and vrEXODUS
(Virtual reality graphics program). buildingEXODUS attempts to consider “peoplepeople,
people-fire, and people-structure interactions.” The model consists of six
submodels, as shown in Figure 2.18, that interact with one another to pass information
about the evacuation simulation, and these are Occupant, Movement, Behavior, Toxicity,
Hazard and Geometry submodels.
->Limitations: If users decide to purchase the level 1 option, the website notes that “Level
1 can handle multiple floors and unlimited population sizes, includes the movie player
facility and the data analysis tool askEXODUS. Limitations are dictated by the
capabilities of the host computer. This version does not include a toxicity sub-model and
posses a limited capability hazard sub-model.” The Level 2 option involves “As level 1
but includes a toxicity model that allows the inclusion of the fire hazards of smoke, heat
and toxic gases within the simulation. An ability to import history files from CFAST
V4.01 in order to define the fire atmosphere. This level includes the movie player, data
analysis tool askEXODUS and an ability to produce output capable of being read by the
post-processor virtual reality software vrEXODUS. Level 2 encompasses the full
capability of buildingEXODUS.”
21. EGRESS
->Developer: N. Ketchell, AEA Technology, UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to determine the evacuation of
crowds in a variety of situations, such as theaters, office buildings, railway stations, and
ships.
->Limitations: The model developers state that there are few practical limits on the size of
the simulations because the model can handle several thousand occupants and plan areas
of many km2.
22. EXITT
->Developer: B.M. Levin, NBS, U.S.
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to simulate occupant decisions and
actions in fire emergencies in small residential buildings. The decision rules used by the
model were designed to resemble decisions made by occupants during a fire emergency.
These decision rules are based on:
? Judgment by the author
? Case studies of residential fires
? A limited number of controlled experiments
->Limitations: This model is used only for residential buildings. Occupants respond to
smoke conditions only, not toxicity or heat. Also, many of decision rules are based on
author judgment.
23. VEgAS
->Developer: G.K. Still, Crowd Dynamics Ltd., UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to simulate human behavioral
response under stress conditions and through the fire environment, monitoring toxicity
levels and physical containment. All occupants and components of the building operate
in “real-time” in a “virtual reality (VR) world.”
->Limitations: Some of the behavioral factors have not been calibrated with real life data.
24. E-SCAPE
->Developer: E. Reisser-Weston, Weston Martin Bragg Ltd, UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to view evacuation in real time,
identify bottlenecks in the building configuration, and to gain a probabilistic view of the
emergency scenario by running the model several times. This model has been complied
from studies carried out on emergency evacuation from over 30 years ago.
->Limitations: Still some questions left unanswered about model.
25. BGRAF
->Developer: F. Ozel, University of Michigan, U.S.
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of the model is to simulate cognitive processes
during evacuation with the use of a graphical user interface. The developer recognizes
the model BFIRES-2, of which this model seems to be very similar.
->Limitations: No mention of processing time or capacity of model.
26. EvacSim
->Developer: L. Poon, at the Victoria University of Technology, AU
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to simulate a variety of complex
human behavioral activities, deterministically, probabilistically, or both. The model is
capable of modeling a large population, but at the same time considers human behavior at
the individual level. An occupant can be modeled to interact with the fire environment
and/or other occupants, depending upon the occupant’s specified level of severity.
->Limitations: EvacSim needs more development and a complete validation. According
to the developer, the model is not presently modeling some behavior related to
residences, and he would like to integrate a fire model.
27. Legion
->Developer: Legion International, Ltd., UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to predict crowd behavior by
simulating how individual groups of people behave in public places. Aside from the
occupant input for each person, additional input can be provided to the model such as
local queuing systems, service rates (the time it takes to serve one person at a ticket
booth), obstructions (furniture, columns), typical distribution of people along train
platforms, train capacities, etc.
->Limitations: -
28. Myriad
->Developer: G.K. Still, Crowd Dynamics, Ltd, UK
->Purpose of the model: The purpose of this model is to assess the spatial dynamics
required for a successful evacuation. Myriad is also used to ensure compliance to codes
and insurance assessment. This is a macroscopic model, and because of this, Still states
that the output does not depend on assumptions about the population incorporated in the
model. This collection of techniques supersedes the VEgAS and Legion systems.
->Limitations: -
29. MASSegress
30. EVI
기타 등등..